IT Networking Kwabaqalayo
I-IT Networking Kwabaqalayo: Isingeniso
Kulesi sihloko, sizoxoxa ngezisekelo zokuxhumana kwe-IT. Sizofaka izihloko ezifana nengqalasizinda yenethiwekhi, amadivayisi enethiwekhi, namasevisi enethiwekhi. Ekupheleni kwalesi sihloko, kufanele ube nokuqonda kahle ukuthi inethiwekhi ye-IT isebenza kanjani.
Iyini Inethiwekhi Yekhompyutha?
Inethiwekhi yekhompiyutha iqoqo lamakhompyutha axhumene namanye. Inhloso yenethiwekhi yekhompuyutha ukwabelana ngedatha nezisetshenziswa. Isibonelo, ungasebenzisa inethiwekhi yekhompyutha ukwabelana ngamafayela, amaphrinta, noxhumano lwe-inthanethi.
Izinhlobo zama-Computer Networks
Kunezinhlobo ezingu-7 ezivamile zamanethiwekhi ekhompyutha:
Inethiwekhi Yendawo Yendawo (LAN): iyiqembu lamakhompyutha axhumene endaweni encane njengekhaya, ihhovisi, noma isikole.
Inethiwekhi Yendawo Ebanzi (WAN): I-WAN inethiwekhi enkulu engahlanganisa izakhiwo eziningi noma amazwe.
Inethiwekhi Yendawo Engenantambo (WLAN): I-WLAN iyi-LAN esebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obungenawaya ukuxhuma amadivayisi.
IMetropolitan Area Network (MAN): INDODA iyinethiwekhi yedolobha lonke.
Inethiwekhi Yendawo Yomuntu (PAN): I-PAN inethiwekhi exhumanisa izinto zomuntu siqu njengamakhompyutha, amakhompyutha aphathekayo, nama-smartphone.
Inethiwekhi Yendawo Yesitoreji (SAN): I-SAN iyinethiwekhi esetshenziselwa ukuxhuma izisetshenziswa zesitoreji.
I-Virtual Private Network (VPN): I-VPN inethiwekhi yangasese esebenzisa inethiwekhi yomphakathi (njenge-inthanethi) ukuxhuma amasayithi akude noma abasebenzisi.
Amagama Okuxhumana
Nalu uhlu lwamagama ajwayelekile asetshenziswa Kunethiwekhi:
Ikheli le-IP: Yonke idivayisi ekunethiwekhi inekheli le-IP elihlukile. Ikheli lasesizindeni se-inthanethi lisetshenziselwa ukukhomba idivayisi kunethiwekhi. IP imele i-Internet Protocol.
Izindawo: I-node iyithuluzi elixhunywe kunethiwekhi. Izibonelo zamanodi zifaka amakhompyutha, amaphrinta, namarutha.
Ama-routers: Irutha iyidivayisi edlulisela phambili amaphakethe edatha phakathi kwamanethiwekhi.
Ukushintshwa: Iswishi iyidivayisi exhumanisa amadivayisi amaningi ndawonye kunethiwekhi efanayo. Ukushintsha kuvumela idatha ukuthi ithunyelwe kumamukeli ohlosiwe kuphela.
Izinhlobo zokushintsha:
Ukushintsha kwesiyingi: Ekushintsheni kwesifunda, ukuxhumana phakathi kwamadivaysi amabili kunikezelwe kulokho kuxhumana okuqondile. Uma uxhumano selusungulwe, alukwazi ukusetshenziswa ngamanye amadivaysi.
Ukushintsha iphakethe: Ekushintsheni kwephakethe, idatha ihlukaniswa ngamaphakethe amancane. Iphakethe ngalinye lingathatha umzila ohlukile oya endaweni okuyiwa kuyo. Ukushintsha iphakethe kusebenza kahle kakhulu kunokushintshwa kwesekethe ngoba kuvumela amadivayisi amaningi ukuthi abelane ngoxhumano lwenethiwekhi olufanayo.
Ukushintsha umlayezo: Ukushintsha umlayezo wuhlobo lokushintsha kwephakethe okusetshenziselwa ukuthumela imiyalezo phakathi kwamakhompyutha.
Amaports: Izimbobo zisetshenziselwa ukuxhuma amadivayisi kunethiwekhi. Idivayisi ngayinye inezimbobo eziningi ezingasetshenziswa ukuxhuma ezinhlotsheni ezihlukene zamanethiwekhi.
Nasi isifaniso samachweba: cabanga ngamachweba njengendawo yokuphuma endlini yakho. Ungasebenzisa i-outlet efanayo ukuze uxhume isibani, i-TV, noma ikhompuyutha.
Izinhlobo zekhebula lenethiwekhi
Kunezinhlobo ezi-4 ezijwayelekile zezintambo zenethiwekhi:
Intambo ye-coaxial: Ikhebula i-coaxial wuhlobo lwekhebula elisetshenziselwa ikhebula le-TV ne-inthanethi. Yenziwe ngomgogodla wethusi ozungezwe into evikelayo kanye nejazi elivikelayo.
Ikhebula elisontekile: Ikhebula eliphothiweyo liwuhlobo lwekhebula elisetshenziselwa amanethiwekhi e-Ethernet. Yenziwe ngezintambo ezimbili zethusi eziphothene ndawonye. Ukusonta kusiza ukunciphisa ukuphazamiseka.
Intambo ye-Fiber optic: Ikhebula le-Fiber optic wuhlobo lwekhebula elisebenzisa ukukhanya ukuze lidlulise idatha. Yenziwe ngengilazi noma ngepulasitiki ezungezwe into ehlanganisiwe.
Okungenantambo: I-Wireless uhlobo lwenethiwekhi olusebenzisa amaza omsakazo ukudlulisa idatha. Amanethiwekhi angenantambo awasebenzisi izintambo ezibonakalayo ukuze axhume amadivayisi.
Ama-topologies
Kukhona ama-topology angu-4 ajwayelekile enethiwekhi:
I-topology yebhasi: Ku-topology yebhasi, zonke izisetshenziswa zixhunywe kukhebuli eyodwa.
Izinzuzo:
- Kulula ukuxhuma amadivayisi amasha
- Kulula ukuxazulula inkinga
Okumbi:
– Uma ikhebula elikhulu lihluleka, yonke inethiwekhi iyehla
- Ukusebenza kuyehla njengoba amanye amadivayisi engezwa kunethiwekhi
I-topology yenkanyezi: Ku-topology yenkanyezi, wonke amadivaysi axhunywe kudivayisi emaphakathi.
Izinzuzo:
- Kulula ukwengeza nokususa amadivayisi
- Kulula ukuxazulula inkinga
- Idivayisi ngayinye inokuxhumana kwayo okuzinikele
Okumbi:
– Uma idivayisi emaphakathi yehluleka, yonke inethiwekhi iyehla
I-topology yendandatho: Ku-topology yeringi, idivayisi ngayinye ixhunywe kwamanye amadivaysi amabili.
Izinzuzo:
- Kulula ukuxazulula inkinga
- Idivayisi ngayinye inokuxhumana kwayo okuzinikele
Okumbi:
- Uma idivayisi eyodwa ihluleka, yonke inethiwekhi iya phansi
- Ukusebenza kuyehla njengoba amanye amadivayisi engezwa kunethiwekhi
I-Mesh topology: Ku-mesh topology, idivayisi ngayinye ixhunywe kuzo zonke ezinye izisetshenziswa.
Izinzuzo:
- Idivayisi ngayinye inokuxhumana kwayo okuzinikele
– Uthembekile
- Alikho iphuzu elilodwa lokwehluleka
Okumbi:
- Kubiza kakhulu kunamanye ama-topology
- Kunzima ukuxazulula inkinga
- Ukusebenza kuyehla njengoba amanye amadivayisi engezwa kunethiwekhi
Izibonelo ezi-3 zamanethiwekhi wekhompyutha
Isibonelo 1: Esimeni sehhovisi, amakhompyutha axhumene namanye kusetshenziswa inethiwekhi. Le nethiwekhi ivumela abasebenzi ukuthi babelane ngamafayela namaphrinta.
Isibonelo 2: Inethiwekhi yasekhaya ivumela amadivayisi ukuthi axhume ku-inthanethi futhi abelane ngedatha namanye.
Isibonelo 3: Inethiwekhi yeselula isetshenziswa ukuxhuma amafoni namanye amadivaysi eselula ku-inthanethi nokunye.
Asebenza Kanjani Amanethiwekhi Ekhompyutha Nge-inthanethi?
Amanethiwekhi ekhompyutha axhumanisa amadivaysi ku-inthanethi ukuze akwazi ukuxhumana. Uma uxhuma ku-inthanethi, ikhompuyutha yakho ithumela futhi ithole idatha ngenethiwekhi. Le datha ithunyelwa ngendlela yamaphakethe. Iphakethe ngalinye liqukethe Imininingwane mayelana nokuthi livelaphi futhi liyaphi. Amaphakethe ahanjiswa kunethiwekhi eya lapho aya khona.
Abahlinzeki Bezinsizakalo ze-Intanethi (ISPs) hlinzeka ngoxhumano phakathi kwamanethiwekhi ekhompyutha ne-inthanethi. Ama-ISP axhuma kumanethiwekhi ekhompyutha ngenqubo ebizwa ngokuthi ukubuka. I-Peering yilapho amanethiwekhi amabili noma ngaphezulu exhuma omunye komunye ukuze akwazi ukushintshanisa ithrafikhi. Ithrafikhi idatha ethunyelwa phakathi kwamanethiwekhi.
Kunezinhlobo ezine zokuxhumeka kwe-ISP:
- Ukudayela: Uxhumano lokudayela lisebenzisa ulayini wefoni ukuxhuma ku-inthanethi. Lolu uhlobo lokuxhumana olunensa kakhulu.
- I-DSL: Uxhumano lwe-DSL lusebenzisa ulayini wefoni ukuxhuma ku-inthanethi. Lolu uhlobo lokuxhumana olusheshayo kunokudayela.
– Ikhebula: Uxhumano lwekhebula lusebenzisa ulayini we-TV wekhebula ukuxhuma ku-inthanethi. Lolu uhlobo lokuxhumana olusheshayo kune-DSL.
- I-Fiber: Ukuxhumeka kwefayibha kusebenzisa imicu yokubona ukuze kuxhumeke ku-inthanethi. Lolu uhlobo lokuxhumana olushesha kakhulu.
Abahlinzeki Besevisi Yenethiwekhi (NSPs) hlinzeka ngoxhumano phakathi kwamanethiwekhi ekhompyutha ne-inthanethi. Ama-NSP axhuma kumanethiwekhi ekhompyutha ngenqubo ebizwa ngokuthi ukubuka. I-Peering yilapho amanethiwekhi amabili noma ngaphezulu exhuma omunye komunye ukuze akwazi ukushintshanisa ithrafikhi. Ithrafikhi idatha ethunyelwa phakathi kwamanethiwekhi.
Kunezinhlobo ezine zokuxhunywa kwe-NSP:
- Ukudayela: Uxhumano lokudayela lisebenzisa ulayini wefoni ukuxhuma ku-inthanethi. Lolu uhlobo lokuxhumana olunensa kakhulu.
- I-DSL: Uxhumano lwe-DSL lusebenzisa ulayini wefoni ukuxhuma ku-inthanethi. Lolu uhlobo lokuxhumana olusheshayo kunokudayela.
– Ikhebula: Uxhumano lwekhebula lusebenzisa ulayini we-TV wekhebula ukuxhuma ku-inthanethi. Lolu uhlobo lokuxhumana olusheshayo kune-DSL.
- I-Fiber: Ukuxhumeka kwefayibha kusebenzisa imicu yokubona ukuze kuxhumeke ku-inthanethi. Lolu uhlobo lokuxhumana olushesha kakhulu.
I-Computer Network Architecture
Isakhiwo senethiwekhi yekhompyutha yindlela amakhompyutha ahlelwa ngayo kunethiwekhi.
Isakhiwo se-peer-to-peer (P2P). i-architecture yenethiwekhi lapho idivayisi ngayinye iyiklayenti kanye neseva. Kunethiwekhi ye-P2P, ayikho iseva emaphakathi. Idivayisi ngayinye ixhuma kwenye idivayisi kunethiwekhi ukuze yabelane ngezinsiza.
I-architecture ye-client-server (C/S). i-architecture yenethiwekhi lapho idivayisi ngayinye kuyiklayenti noma iseva. Kunethiwekhi ye-C/S, kuneseva emaphakathi ehlinzeka ngamasevisi kumakhasimende. Amaklayenti axhumeka kuseva ukuze afinyelele izinsiza.
I-architecture enezigaba ezintathu i-architecture yenethiwekhi lapho idivayisi ngayinye kuyiklayenti noma iseva. Kunethiwekhi yezigaba ezintathu, kunezinhlobo ezintathu zamadivayisi:
- Amaklayenti: Iklayenti idivayisi exhuma kunethiwekhi.
- Amaseva: Iseva iyidivayisi ehlinzeka ngamasevisi kumakhasimende ku-.
- Izinqubo: Iphrothokholi isethi yemithetho elawula indlela amadivayisi axhumana ngayo kunethiwekhi.
Isakhiwo se-mesh i-architecture yenethiwekhi lapho idivayisi ngayinye ixhunywe kuyo yonke enye idivayisi kunethiwekhi. Kunethiwekhi yemeshi, ayikho iseva emaphakathi. Idivayisi ngayinye ixhuma kuzo zonke ezinye izisetshenziswa kunethiwekhi ukuze zabelane ngezinsiza.
A I-topology ye-mesh egcwele i-mesh architecture lapho idivayisi ngayinye ixhunywe kuyo yonke enye idivayisi kunethiwekhi. Ku-topology yemeshi egcwele, ayikho iseva emaphakathi. Idivayisi ngayinye ixhuma kuzo zonke ezinye izisetshenziswa kunethiwekhi ukuze zabelane ngezinsiza.
A ingxenye ye-mesh topology i-mesh architecture lapho amanye amadivaysi axhunywe kuwo wonke amanye amadivaysi kunethiwekhi, kodwa akuwona wonke amadivaysi axhumeke kuwo wonke amanye amadivaysi. Ku-topology yemeshi eyingxenye, ayikho iseva emaphakathi. Amanye amadivaysi axhumeka kuwo wonke amanye amadivayisi kunethiwekhi, kodwa akuwona wonke amadivayisi axhumeka kuwo wonke amanye amadivaysi.
A inethiwekhi ye-wireless mesh (WMN) iyinethiwekhi ye-mesh esebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obungenawaya ukuxhuma amadivayisi. Ama-WMN avame ukusetshenziswa ezindaweni zomphakathi, njengamapaki nezitolo zekhofi, lapho kungaba nzima khona ukuphakela inethiwekhi enezintambo ezinezintambo.
Ukusebenzisa Izikali Zomthwalo
Izikali zokulayisha zingamadivayisi asabalalisa ithrafikhi kunethiwekhi yonkana. Izikali zokulayisha zithuthukisa ukusebenza ngokusabalalisa ithrafikhi ngokulinganayo kuwo wonke amadivayisi kunethiwekhi.
Isetshenziswa nini Izikali Zokulayisha
Izilinganisi zokulayisha zivame ukusetshenziswa kumanethiwekhi lapho kunethrafikhi eningi. Isibonelo, izilinganisi zomthwalo zivame ukusetshenziswa ezikhungweni zedatha namapulazi ewebhu.
Indlela Amabhalansi Wokulayisha Asebenza Ngayo
Amabhalansi okulayisha asabalalisa ithrafikhi kunethiwekhi yonkana ngokusebenzisa ama-algorithms ahlukahlukene. I-algorithm evame kakhulu i-algorithm ye-round-robin.
The i-algorithm ye-round-robin i-algorithm yokulinganisa umthwalo esabalalisa ithrafikhi ngokulinganayo kuwo wonke amadivayisi kunethiwekhi. I-algorithm ye-round-robin isebenza ngokuthumela isicelo esisha ngasinye kudivayisi elandelayo ohlwini.
I-algorithm ye-round-robin iyi-algorithm elula okulula ukuyisebenzisa. Nokho, i-algorithm ye-round-robin ayibheki umthamo wamadivayisi kunethiwekhi. Njengomphumela, i-algorithm ye-round-robin kwesinye isikhathi ingabangela ukuthi amadivayisi agcwale kakhulu.
Isibonelo, uma kukhona amadivaysi amathathu kunethiwekhi, i-algorithm ye-round-robin izothumela isicelo sokuqala kudivayisi yokuqala, isicelo sesibili kudivayisi yesibili, nesicelo sesithathu kudivayisi yesithathu. Isicelo sesine sizothunyelwa kudivayisi yokuqala, njalo njalo.
Ukuze ugweme le nkinga, ezinye izilinganisi zomthwalo zisebenzisa i-algorithms eyinkimbinkimbi, njenge-algorithm yokuxhumana okuncane.
The i-algorithm yokuxhumana okuncane i-algorithm yokulinganisa umthwalo ethumela isicelo esisha ngasinye kudivayisi enoxhumo olusebenzayo olumbalwa kakhulu. I-algorithm yokuxhumeka okuncane kakhulu isebenza ngokulandela inombolo yoxhumo olusebenzayo kudivayisi ngayinye kunethiwekhi.
I-algorithm yokuxhumana okuncane iyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu kune-algorithm ye-round-robin, futhi ingasabalalisa ngempumelelo ithrafikhi kunethiwekhi yonkana. Kodwa-ke, i-algorithm yokuxhumana okuncane inzima kakhulu ukuyifaka kune-algorithm ye-round-robin.
Isibonelo, uma kukhona amadivaysi amathathu kunethiwekhi, futhi idivayisi yokuqala inokuxhumana okubili okusebenzayo, idivayisi yesibili inokuxhumana okune okusebenzayo, futhi idivayisi yesithathu inoxhumo olulodwa olusebenzayo, i-algorithm yokuxhumana okuncane kakhulu izothumela isicelo sesine idivayisi yesithathu.
Izikali zokulayisha zingaphinda zisebenzise inhlanganisela yama-algorithms ukusabalalisa ithrafikhi kunethiwekhi yonkana. Isibonelo, isilinganisi somthwalo singasebenzisa i-algorithm ye-round-robin ukusabalalisa ithrafikhi ngokulinganayo kuwo wonke amadivayisi kunethiwekhi, bese sisebenzise i-algorithm yokuxhumana okuncane ukuthumela izicelo ezintsha kudivayisi enoxhumo olusebenzayo olumbalwa kakhulu.
Ilungiselela Izikali Zomthwalo
Izilinganisi zokulayisha zilungiswa kusetshenziswa izilungiselelo ezahlukahlukene. Izilungiselelo ezibaluleke kakhulu ama-algorithms asetshenziselwa ukusabalalisa ithrafikhi, kanye namadivayisi afakwe endaweni yokulinganisa yokulayisha.
Izilinganisi zokulayisha zingacushwa ngesandla, noma zingacushwa ngokuzenzakalelayo. Ukumisa okuzenzakalelayo kuvame ukusetshenziswa kumanethiwekhi lapho kunamadivayisi amaningi, futhi ukumisa okwenziwa ngesandla kuvame ukusetshenziswa kumanethiwekhi amancane.
Lapho ulungiselela isilinganisi somthwalo, kubalulekile ukukhetha ama-algorithms afanele, futhi ufake zonke izisetshenziswa ezizosetshenziswa endaweni yokulinganisa yokulayisha.
Ihlola Izikali Zomthwalo
Izilinganisi zomthwalo zingahlolwa kusetshenziswa izinhlobonhlobo ze Amathuluzi. Ithuluzi elibaluleke kakhulu i-generator yethrafikhi yenethiwekhi.
A i-generator yethrafikhi yenethiwekhi iyithuluzi elikhiqiza ithrafikhi kunethiwekhi. Amajeneretha ethrafikhi enethiwekhi asetshenziselwa ukuhlola ukusebenza kwamadivayisi enethiwekhi, njengezilinganisi zokulayisha.
Amajeneretha ethrafikhi enethiwekhi angasetshenziswa ukukhiqiza izinhlobo zethrafikhi ezahlukahlukene, okuhlanganisa ithrafikhi ye-HTTP, ithrafikhi ye-TCP, kanye nethrafikhi ye-UDP.
Izilinganisi zomthwalo zingabuye zihlolwe kusetshenziswa amathuluzi ahlukahlukene okulinganisa. Amathuluzi okulinganisa asetshenziselwa ukukala ukusebenza kwamadivayisi kunethiwekhi.
Amathuluzi okulinganisa ingasetshenziswa ukukala ukusebenza kwezilinganisi zomthwalo ngaphansi kwezimo ezihlukahlukene, njengemithwalo ehlukene, izimo zenethiwekhi ezihlukene, nokulungiselelwa okuhlukile.
Izilinganisi zomthwalo zingabuye zihlolwe kusetshenziswa amathuluzi okuqapha ahlukahlukene. Amathuluzi okuqapha asetshenziselwa ukulandelela ukusebenza kwamadivayisi kunethiwekhi.
Amathuluzi wokuqapha ingasetshenziswa ukulandelela ukusebenza kwezilinganisi zomthwalo ngaphansi kwezimo ezihlukahlukene, njengemithwalo ehlukene, izimo zenethiwekhi ezihlukene, nokulungiselelwa okuhlukile.
Ekuphetheni:
Izilinganisi zomthwalo ziyingxenye ebalulekile yamanethiwekhi amaningi. Izikali zokulayisha zisetshenziselwa ukusabalalisa ithrafikhi kunethiwekhi yonkana, kanye nokuthuthukisa ukusebenza kwezinhlelo zokusebenza zenethiwekhi.
Ama-Network Delivery Okuqukethwe (CDN)
I-Content Delivery Network (CDN) inethiwekhi yamaseva asetshenziselwa ukuletha okuqukethwe kubasebenzisi.
Ama-CDN avame ukusetshenziselwa ukuletha okuqukethwe okutholakala ezindaweni ezihlukene zomhlaba. Isibonelo, i-CDN ingase isetshenziselwe ukuletha okuqukethwe okuvela kuseva e-Europe kuya kumsebenzisi wase-Asia.
Ama-CDN nawo avamise ukusetshenziselwa ukuletha okuqukethwe okutholakala ezindaweni ezihlukene zomhlaba. Isibonelo, i-CDN ingase isetshenziselwe ukuletha okuqukethwe okuvela kuseva e-Europe kuya kumsebenzisi wase-Asia.
Ama-CDN avame ukusetshenziselwa ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kwamawebhusayithi nezinhlelo zokusebenza. Ama-CDN angasetshenziswa futhi ukuthuthukisa ukutholakala kokuqukethwe.
Ilungiselela ama-CDN
Ama-CDN acushwa kusetshenziswa izilungiselelo ezahlukahlukene. Izilungiselelo ezibaluleke kakhulu amaseva asetshenziselwa ukuletha okuqukethwe, kanye nokuqukethwe okulethwa yi-CDN.
Ama-CDN angacushwa ngesandla, noma angacushwa ngokuzenzakalelayo. Ukumisa okuzenzakalelayo kuvame ukusetshenziswa kumanethiwekhi lapho kunamadivayisi amaningi, futhi ukumisa okwenziwa ngesandla kuvame ukusetshenziswa kumanethiwekhi amancane.
Lapho ulungiselela i-CDN, kubalulekile ukukhetha iziphakeli ezifanele, futhi ulungiselele i-CDN ukuze ilethe okuqukethwe okudingekayo.
Ihlola ama-CDN
Ama-CDN angahlolwa kusetshenziswa amathuluzi ahlukahlukene. Ithuluzi elibaluleke kakhulu i-generator yethrafikhi yenethiwekhi.
I-generator yethrafikhi yenethiwekhi iyithuluzi elikhiqiza ithrafikhi kunethiwekhi. Amajeneretha ethrafikhi enethiwekhi asetshenziselwa ukuhlola ukusebenza kwamadivayisi enethiwekhi, njengama-CDN.
Amajeneretha ethrafikhi enethiwekhi angasetshenziswa ukukhiqiza izinhlobo zethrafikhi ezahlukahlukene, okuhlanganisa ithrafikhi ye-HTTP, ithrafikhi ye-TCP, kanye nethrafikhi ye-UDP.
Ama-CDN angabuye ahlolwe kusetshenziswa amathuluzi ahlukahlukene okulinganisa. Amathuluzi okulinganisa asetshenziselwa ukukala ukusebenza kwamadivayisi kunethiwekhi.
Amathuluzi okulinganisa ingasetshenziswa ukukala ukusebenza kwama-CDN ngaphansi kwezimo ezihlukahlukene, njengemithwalo ehlukene, izimo zenethiwekhi ezihlukene, nokulungiselelwa okuhlukile.
Ama-CDN angabuye ahlolwe kusetshenziswa amathuluzi okuqapha ahlukahlukene. Amathuluzi okuqapha asetshenziselwa ukulandelela ukusebenza kwamadivayisi kunethiwekhi.
Amathuluzi wokuqapha ingasetshenziswa ukulandelela ukusebenza kwama-CDN ngaphansi kwezimo ezihlukahlukene, njengemithwalo ehlukene, izimo zenethiwekhi ezihlukene, nokucushwa okuhlukile.
Ekuphetheni:
Ama-CDN ayingxenye ebalulekile yamanethiwekhi amaningi. Ama-CDN asetshenziselwa ukuletha okuqukethwe kubasebenzisi, kanye nokwenza ngcono ukusebenza kwamawebhusayithi nezinhlelo zokusebenza. Ama-CDN angacushwa ngesandla, noma angacushwa ngokuzenzakalelayo. Ama-CDN angahlolwa kusetshenziswa amathuluzi ahlukahlukene, okuhlanganisa amajeneretha ethrafikhi yenethiwekhi namathuluzi okulinganisa. Amathuluzi okuqapha angasetshenziswa futhi ukulandelela ukusebenza kwama-CDN.
Network Security
Ukuphepha kwenethiwekhi kuwumkhuba wokuvikela inethiwekhi yekhompyutha ekufinyeleleni okungagunyaziwe. Amaphuzu okungena kunethiwekhi ahlanganisa:
- Ukufinyelela ngokomzimba kunethiwekhi: Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukufinyelela ku-hardware yenethiwekhi, njengamarutha namaswishi.
- Ukufinyelela okunengqondo kunethiwekhi: Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukufinyelela isofthiwe yenethiwekhi, njengesistimu yokusebenza nezinhlelo zokusebenza.
Izinqubo zokuphepha zenethiwekhi zihlanganisa:
- Ukuhlonza: Lena inqubo yokukhomba ukuthi ubani noma yini ezama ukufinyelela inethiwekhi.
- Ukuqinisekisa: Lena inqubo yokuqinisekisa ukuthi ubunikazi bomsebenzisi noma idivayisi ivumelekile.
- Ukugunyazwa: Lena inqubo yokunikeza noma ukwenqaba ukufinyelela kunethiwekhi ngokusekelwe kubunikazi bomsebenzisi noma idivayisi.
– Accounting: Lena inqubo yokulandelela nokuloga yonke imisebenzi yenethiwekhi.
Ubuchwepheshe bokuphepha kwenethiwekhi buhlanganisa:
- I-Firewalls: I-firewall iyi-hardware noma idivayisi yesofthiwe ehlunga ithrafikhi phakathi kwamanethiwekhi amabili.
- Amasistimu okuthola ukungena: Isistimu yokutholwa kokungenela wuhlelo lwesofthiwe oluqapha umsebenzi wenethiwekhi ukuze uthole izimpawu zokungena.
- Amanethiwekhi ayimfihlo abonakalayo: Inethiwekhi yangasese ebonakalayo ingumhubhe ovikelekile phakathi kwamadivayisi amabili noma ngaphezulu.
Izinqubomgomo zokuphepha zenethiwekhi yimithetho neziqondiso ezilawula ukuthi inethiwekhi kufanele isetshenziswe futhi ifinyelelwe kanjani. Izinqubomgomo ngokuvamile zihlanganisa izihloko ezifana nokusetshenziswa okwamukelekayo, iphasiwedi ukuphathwa, kanye nokuphepha kwedatha. Izinqubomgomo zokuphepha zibalulekile ngoba zisiza ukuqinisekisa ukuthi inethiwekhi isetshenziswa ngendlela ephephile nenesibopho.
Lapho uklama inqubomgomo yokuphepha yenethiwekhi, kubalulekile ukucabangela lokhu okulandelayo:
- Uhlobo lwenethiwekhi: Inqubomgomo yezokuphepha kufanele ifanele uhlobo lwenethiwekhi olusetshenziswayo. Isibonelo, inqubomgomo ye-intranethi yebhizinisi izohluka kunqubomgomo yewebhusayithi yomphakathi.
- Usayizi wenethiwekhi: Inqubomgomo yezokuphepha kufanele ifanele usayizi wenethiwekhi. Isibonelo, inqubomgomo yenethiwekhi yamahhovisi amancane izohluka kunqubomgomo yenethiwekhi yamabhizinisi amakhulu.
- Abasebenzisi benethiwekhi: Inqubomgomo yezokuphepha kufanele icabangele izidingo zabasebenzisi benethiwekhi. Isibonelo, inqubomgomo yenethiwekhi esetshenziswa abasebenzi izohluka kunqubomgomo yenethiwekhi esetshenziswa amakhasimende.
- Izinsiza zenethiwekhi: Inqubomgomo yezokuphepha kufanele icabangele izinhlobo zezinsiza ezitholakala kunethiwekhi. Isibonelo, inqubomgomo yenethiwekhi enedatha ebucayi izohluka kunqubomgomo yenethiwekhi enedatha yomphakathi.
Ukuphepha kwenethiwekhi kuwukucatshangelwa okubalulekile kwanoma iyiphi inhlangano esebenzisa amakhompyutha ukugcina noma ukwabelana ngedatha. Ngokusebenzisa izinqubomgomo zokuphepha nobuchwepheshe, izinhlangano zingasiza ukuvikela amanethiwekhi azo ekufinyeleleni okungagunyaziwe nasekugxambeni.
https://www.youtube.com/shorts/mNYJC_qOrDw
Izinqubomgomo Zokusebenzisa Ezamukelekile
Inqubomgomo yokusetshenziswa eyamukelekile isethi yemithetho echaza ukuthi inethiwekhi yekhompyutha ingasetshenziswa kanjani. Umgomo wokusetshenziswa okwamukelekayo ngokuvamile uhlanganisa izihloko ezifana nokusetshenziswa okwamukelekayo kwenethiwekhi, ukuphathwa kwephasiwedi, nokuphepha kwedatha. Izinqubomgomo zokusetshenziswa ezamukelekayo zibalulekile ngoba zisiza ukuqinisekisa ukuthi inethiwekhi isetshenziswa ngendlela ephephile nenesibopho.
Ukuphathwa Kwephasiwedi
Ukuphathwa kwephasiwedi kuyinqubo yokudala, ukugcina, nokuvikela amagama ayimfihlo. Amaphasiwedi asetshenziselwa ukufinyelela amanethiwekhi ekhompyutha, izinhlelo zokusebenza, nedatha. Izinqubomgomo zokuphatha iphasiwedi ngokuvamile zihlanganisa izihloko ezifana namandla ephasiwedi, ukuphelelwa yisikhathi kwephasiwedi, kanye nokutholwa kwephasiwedi.
Data Security
Ukuvikeleka kwedatha kuwumkhuba wokuvikela idatha ekufinyeleleni okungagunyaziwe. Ubuchwepheshe bokuphepha kwedatha buhlanganisa ukubethela, ukulawula ukufinyelela, nokuvimbela ukuvuza kwedatha. Izinqubomgomo zokuphepha kwedatha ngokuvamile zihlanganisa izihloko ezifana nokuhlukaniswa kwedatha nokuphathwa kwedatha.
Uhlu Lokuhlola Ukuphepha Kwenethiwekhi
- Chaza ububanzi benethiwekhi.
- Khomba amafa akunethiwekhi.
- Hlela idatha kunethiwekhi.
- Khetha ubuchwepheshe bokuphepha obufanele.
- Sebenzisa ubuchwepheshe bokuphepha.
- Hlola ubuchwepheshe bokuphepha.
- sebenzisa ubuchwepheshe bokuphepha.
- Gada inethiwekhi ukuze uthole izimpawu zokungena.
- ukuphendula izehlakalo zokungena.
- buyekeza izinqubomgomo zokuphepha nobuchwepheshe njengoba kudingeka.
Ekuvikelekeni kwenethiwekhi, ukuvuselela isofthiwe nehadiwe kuyingxenye ebalulekile yokuhlala ngaphambi kwejika. Ubungozi obusha buhlala butholakala, futhi nokuhlasela okusha kuyathuthukiswa. Ngokugcina isofthiwe nezingxenyekazi zekhompuyutha kusesikhathini samanje, amanethiwekhi angavikeleka kangcono kulezi zinsongo.
Ukuphepha kwenethiwekhi kuyisihloko esiyinkimbinkimbi, futhi asikho isisombululo esisodwa esizovikela inethiwekhi kuzo zonke izinsongo. Ukuzivikela okungcono kakhulu ezinsongweni zokuphepha kwenethiwekhi yindlela enezingqimba esebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obuningi nezinqubomgomo.
Yiziphi Izinzuzo Zokusebenzisa Inethiwekhi Yekhompyutha?
Ziningi izinzuzo zokusebenzisa inethiwekhi yekhompyutha, okuhlanganisa:
- Ukukhiqiza okuphezulu: Izisebenzi zingabelana ngamafayela namaphrinta, okwenza kube lula ukwenza umsebenzi wenziwe.
- Izindleko ezincishisiwe: Amanethiwekhi angonga imali ngokwabelana ngezinsiza ezifana namaphrinta nezikena.
- Ukuxhumana okuthuthukisiwe: Amanethiwekhi akwenza kube lula ukuthumela imilayezo nokuxhumana nabanye.
- Ukuphepha okungeziwe: Amanethiwekhi angasiza ukuvikela idatha ngokulawula ukuthi ubani okwaziyo ukuyifinyelela.
- Ukuthembeka okuthuthukisiwe: Amanethiwekhi angahlinzeka ngokungasebenzi, okusho ukuthi uma ingxenye eyodwa yenethiwekhi yehla, ezinye izingxenye zisengakwazi ukusebenza.
Isifinyezo
Inethiwekhi ye-IT iyisihloko esiyinkimbinkimbi, kodwa lesi sihloko bekufanele sikunikeze ukuqonda okuhle kwezinto eziyisisekelo. Ezihlokweni ezizayo, sizoxoxa ngezihloko ezithuthuke kakhulu njengokuphepha kwenethiwekhi nokuxazulula inkinga yenethiwekhi.
